Proposal on identity, belonging and masculinity as presented in The White Teeth and My Beautiful Launderette in relation to the post colonialism

Introduction In several parts of the world, immigrants have in most cases been perceived to be in competition with indigenous communities over one thing or the other. This has at times created a feeling of not being wanted among the communities within which they are living. However, the situation has conspicuously changed over time especially with the advent of globalization, civilization and adoption of accommodative systems of governance and in particular political democratization of societies.Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on Proposal on identity, belonging and masculinity as presented in The White Teeth and My Beautiful Launderette in relation to the post colonialism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Naturally, both the immigrants and the host communities have their own feelings and ideologies with regards to all these issues and in order to restore parity between these two groups, there have been attempts o f tracing, retaining and even replanting ones roots. It catches one’s attention that across all cultures, there seems to be an urge to closely guard what they define as their cultures and practices, at times going to great lengths to trace their roots of origin.1 In Smith’s book The White Teeth, for example, the idea of being assimilated into a new community does not seem to go down very well with Samad and Clara and consequently, they find it difficult to smoothly get adopted into the British culture which leads to their sense of lack of roots or a background. No matter how much they try, they are unable to firmly replant and even cement their roots in a new territory.2 In this context, they seem to be in search of an identity they can proudly associate with meaning, in a way, trying to cultivate a sense of belonging. This foundation, thus, provides us with a basic scope of why this proposal is important in interrogating the themes presented in the works of Smith and Kureishi. Arguments on the Themes There is ultimate an agreement that Smith and Kureishi’s works present debatable subjects both individually and collectively in relation to the differences in cultures or even to the lengths of sexuality and masculinity. At the same time, there exists a set of theories and arguments in relation to these subjects as presented through the available literature like Bhabha’s, The Other Question, Stereotype, Discrimination and the Discourse of Colonialism and even in Halla’s Cultural Identity and Diaspora. These debates, perhaps, assist us to accelerate discussion in post colonialism, more than any other period before, as a result of the awakening of the masses and the need to anchor oneself to a given background. Investigating the presentations in these works, therefore, becomes important in trying to question why the spirit of belongingness and identity arises in human beings Identity and Belonging The White Teeth presents the immi grants as a group of people who have come all from their respective background with hopes and expectations.3 However, to some extent, they are presented as a people who are oblivious of the challenges that face them in their new found land.Advertising Looking for proposal on british literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More More importantly, they do not seem to have contemplated the idea of their roots and this realization hits the first generation of immigrants when the pressure to assimilate to British while preserving their cultures confronts them. At this point, many of them are in a dilemma and it becomes difficult for them to find a place in their new surroundings. All these issues can be related in several ways to many other occurrences of post colonialism. Repeatedly, the issue of physical differences arises in where the similarities and differences of individuals greatly seem to determine their association.4 Expecte dly, this raises the issue of discrimination which more often informs debate in many circles, and as Bhabha notes in The Other Question, it can be attributed to the theories of stereotypical thinking where things are looked at from the eyes of the way they have always been known to be, and what has always been in place. In other words it is a presentation of change within the context of accommodating varying differences There is an almost insatiable reference of the background of the immigrants at various points in the book. At one point there is mention of their background in one way or the other. A good example here is the point when Archibald is offered vouchers to somehow ensure that Clara doesn’t attend the next company event. This move was purely based on Clara’s background whereby, her being black allegedly made people uncomfortable in the last company event. This reference to Clara’s background further underlines why the idea of racism was, perhaps, prev alent and could still have some traces although negligibly. It is notable that Kureishi’s work, My Beautiful Launderette made significant impact in British and Asian cultures of the nighttimes and the eighties by portraying life in a black Britain.5 These works contributed in producing space for the articulation of both British matters as well as the Diaspora affairs. In fact, these works provided a platform for the British artistic and literary class to focus on multiculturalism, transnationalism, devolution and the association of blacks and Asians with the presumed indigenous British society, in post colonial times. By making such a provocation, one initiates an important debate which focuses on the affairs that could have been easily sidelined.6Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on Proposal on identity, belonging and masculinity as presented in The White Teeth and My Beautiful Launderette in relation to the post colonialism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More We must not depart from the fact that both the immigrants’ and the locals or hosts are bound as people of different races and backgrounds, by the procession of a set of white teeth regardless of their backgrounds as outlined in Smith’s work. This may perhaps be a basis to explain why in the postcolonial governments and politics, issues of skin colour or by extension racial discrimination, have a cut a dominant position. The point here is that there is widely no great difference and there can be, as has been for a long time, mutual coexistence. Heritage and Legacy In trying to create ground for belonging, Smith uses the themes of heritage and legacy to try and connect the characters Samad and Magid. On one hand Magid is seemingly obsessed with the urge to have his sons to fulfill grandfather’s legacy of devotion to the people of Bengali. This serves as a clear demonstration of a need to have attributes that re late to ones roots that naturally arises.7 Hall looks at this ideology from the perspective that one cannot quite definitely speak of identity or belonging, without acknowledging its other side. In this context the other side could be the urge to relate to a certain culture or community.8 The idea of curving out or retaining an identity seems to be dominantly influenced by the cultures within which this new identity is being formed. The knowledge of their background informs what they do at present and how they go on with their lives currently. This can be demonstrated by integrating Hall’s argument or theory that there are primarily two types of identity where one is that which offers a sense of unity and commonality-what he calls identity as being, and another that presents an identification process, what he refers to as identity as becoming –which he looks at as a process of identification, which tends to reveal discontinuity in our identity formation.9 These theorie s underline the one important aspect: that of wanting to belong or to be associated with a society that has a certain clearly defined way of doing particular things. In other words there is the sense of retreating to the background.Advertising Looking for proposal on british literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Masculinity and Sexuality This discussion is significant and relevant to any debate on post colonial literature or any other form of media since it is after this period that most nations settled and looked back at the various formations of their human cluster. It is at this period still that there arose in depth interrogation into issues like sexuality. My beautiful Laundrette depicts this at some point where sexuality is looked at as purely natural in the sense that women and men are deemed to have distinct characteristics which remain for long unchanged and are to some extent unchangeable throughout history and irrespective of cultures.10 However, there is another point of view and argument on this topic which points to the artificiality of sexual and gender identities. At this point, there arises what is seen as ‘the constructed character of sexuality’ that is argued to have been tilted to negate the claim that sexuality has a natural and a distinctive shape and move ment. In relation to this whole matter though there seems to be an underlying factor that hold the view that sexual and11 gender identities vary across cultures and there might therefore be no harm intended when one tries to trace the root on any of these subjects. In trying to create or claim belonging to certain cultures, it will be found that the issue of masculinity pops its head and in this aspect is clearly captured in these two works as well as in the theories that look into the matters of human background or belonging. The Theories and their Relationship to the Subject Bhabha uses the theory of stereotype to argue that the colonial way of looking at the whole issue of change of cultures and the urge to belong and be associated with some culture is basically looked at from the eye of trying to maintain things as they have always been. This, he argues, happens as both the colonizer and the colonized take it to be the point of defense and the desire for originality.12 This desi re though is faced with the differences in colour, race and culture and this forms what the bulk of this debate. These stereotypical foundations are supported by what he calls fetishism which basically works to cement the need or the ideas of the stereotype. Hall looks at the integration of all these backgrounds and the search of identity and belonging to what he terms as ‘hybridinization’. His argument for this theory is that across a whole range of cultural forms, there exists a form of system where the dynamics that hold all these issues together is somehow able to associate important elements of the diversities from the master codes of the dominant culture and articulate them or disseminate them to bring about a certain meaning.13 This in essence may mean that these two diversified cultures although initially had significant connection might at the point where and when they mix, share some common identities and they may as well stop being looked at as individual ent ities. This kind of merging has seen the rise of concocted languages like the Jamaican English. This is a clear indication of this proposal as a way of looking into the relationship of some cultural practices in view of their background and their contribution to literature in post colonial times. Conclusion From the above documentations and arguments, it can be said that a lot of information has so far been brought to light with regards to masculinity, sexuality, heritage, legacy, identity and even belonging. However, there are still many issues that are yet to be utterly solved—especially regarding the unsolved differences that emerged from the colonial era and the post-colonial era as well—which necessitates the need for research. It is upon this need that the prospected study is proposed herein. Bibliography CHILD, P., Post-Colonial theory and English literature. (Edinburg: Edinburgh University Press, 1999). HALL, S., â€Å"Cultural Identity and Diaspora† in Mongia, Padmini (ed.) Contemporary Postcolonial Theory: A reader. (London: Arnold, 1996). HOMI, B. K., The other question stereotype discrimination and the discourse of Colonialism in the location of culture. (New York: Routledge, 1983). KUREISHI, H., My beautiful Laundrette. Milan: Baldini Castoldi Dalai, 1996) SAID, E., Culture and Imperialism (New York: Vintage Books, 1993). SMITH, Z., White Teeth (London: Penguin Books, 2001). Footnotes 1 Edward, Said., Culture and Imperialism (New York: Vintage Books, 1993). 2 Zadie, Smith., White Teeth. (London: Penguin Books, 2001). 3 Zadie, Smith., White Teeth. (London: Penguin Books, 2001). 4 Stuart Hall., â€Å"Cultural Identity and Diaspora† in Mongia, Padmini (ed.) Contemporary Postcolonial Theory: A reader. (London: Arnold, 1996). 5 Hanif, Kureishi., My beautiful Laundrette. Milan: Baldini Castoldi Dalai, 1996). 6 Edward, Said., Culture and Imperialism (New York: Vintage Books, 1993). 7 Zadie, Smith., White Teeth. (London: Pengui n Books, 2001). 8 Stuart Hall., â€Å"Cultural Identity and Diaspora† in Mongia, Padmini (ed.) Contemporary Postcolonial Theory: A reader. (London: Arnold, 1996). 9 Stuart Hall., â€Å"Cultural Identity and Diaspora† in Mongia, Padmini (ed.) Contemporary Postcolonial Theory: A reader. (London: Arnold, 1996). 10 Hanif, Kureishi., My beautiful Laundrette. Milan: Baldini Castoldi Dalai, 1996). 11 Peter Child., Post-Colonial theory and English literature. (Edinburg: Edinburgh University Press, 1999). 12 Bhaba, Homi K., The other question of stereotype, discrimination and the discourse of Colonialism in the location of culture. (New York: Routledge, 1983). 13 Stuart Hall., â€Å"Cultural Identity and Diaspora† in Mongia, Padmini (ed.) Contemporary Postcolonial Theory: A reader. (London: Arnold, 1996). This proposal on Proposal on identity, belonging and masculinity as presented in The White Teeth and My Beautiful Launderette in relation to the post colonialism was written and submitted by user Maya D. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Marketing Strategy of Levis Essays

Marketing Strategy of Levis Essays Marketing Strategy of Levis Paper Marketing Strategy of Levis Paper The Marketing Strategy Employed by Levis Missing In order for a new brand to establish itself in its market and for its products to sell successfully, thus achieving company goals and shareholder profitability, a number of key principles concerning consumer behaviour have to be fully grasped and addressed. As well as producing a range of new, exciting and quality garments, the firm will need to ensure that its products are cleverly and thoughtfully marketed to the appropriate consumer groups. In this report I will look at the marketing strategy employed by Levis on their new Anti-Fit style jeans, and at the importance of consumer behaviour in deriving this strategy. I will also look at the importance of a clear and up to date comprehension of the factors that affect consumer behaviour, paying particular attention to the key role that perception will play in forming consumers attitudes towards the new range of designer jeans. I will continue on to show how favourable perceptions about Levis brand identity will have a positive effect in raising consumer motivation to purchase a product from their range. The fashion industry at this time; a time of increasing disposable incomes and incidence of recreational shopping, is intensely competitive. We can draw on many examples to highlight the point that; companies who have established a strong and clear brand image, have tended to command a larger market share than those companies whos image is either unfavourable, for example old fashioned, or unattached to specific and clear values. Establishing a strong and istinguishable brand image for the Anti-Fit range of jeans is the central idea behind Levis marketing strategy for breaking into the competitive market and ultimately gaining a favourable share of the market for designer jeans. Creating the right brand image is largely dependent upon being in tune with the mindsets, beliefs, values and aspirations of the modern, well-informed consumer. Moreover ensuring that the consumer perceives the firm to be in tune with their way of thinking and holding similar values centrally to the Levis bra nd identity will be the key to ensuring marketing success. When advertising the Anti-Fit product Levis must ensure that its messages are clear and perceived by the desired audience in the intended manner. Evans, Moutinho and Van Raaij (1996) believe that aâ‚ ¬Ã‚ ¦the more we understand about the perceptual process both generally and of the target market concerned, the more we can ensure that the intended receivers of the message will interpret it in the intended manneraâ‚ ¬Ã‚ ¦ (pp. 55). The notion of branding can have significant effects on consumers perceptions of product characteristics and attributes. Studies have shown customers can often not tell the differences between the various brands but labels and their associations definitely influenced their evaluations. (Consumer Behaviour G R Foxall) This shows that customers perceptions of products can derive from marketing effort alone; brand images and brand differentiation can be the consumers only guide to want satisfaction. This is particularly evident in a highly branded stylised market such as the jeans market. Therefore pursuing the correct marketing campaign is essential to appeal to the target audience, in an already highly differentiated market. When shopping for designer jeans consumers are more likely to consider purchasing a brand product from his or her awareness set than from a company whos brand image he or she has not been exposed to. Brand awareness is an obvious precondition to purchase. (Jobber 2004) The purchase of a pair of designer jeans may be considered neither a high involvement nor low involvement purchase, where involvement may be thought of as aâ‚ ¬Ã‚ ¦the degree of perceived relevance and personal importance accompanying brand choice (Blackwell, Miniard and Engel 2001: quoted in Jobber 2004). The following model is an amalgamation of Fisbein and Ajzens model for high involvement purchases and Enrenberg and Goodharts model for low involvement situation. [IMAGE] The influences at work when shopping for designer jeans. The purchase of a pair of designer jeans is seldom undertaken with the same abandon and low risk as, for example, the purchase of a pair of socks. Jeans may be worn and enjoyed for many months, even years. Therefore the consumer would want to ensure that the jeans will remain comfortable, fashionable and flattering for more than a few outings. Creating a brand that is seen to be fashionable, desirable and having a degree of exclusivity, is vital for attacking the designer end of the jeans market. Referring to the model above and what has been written up to this point, suppose two comparably priced jeans were tested, both equally well fitting and both well styled. A consumer may be swayed by brand snobbery, wishing to attach herself to the brand he or she believes matches his or her beliefs and attitudes and will result in greater approval from his or her significant references. The more aware a consumer is of a brand, the more likely he or she may be to purchase its product. Perception of products and brand identity has a big impact on consumer purchasing behaviour, within a dynamic fast moving market, such as the jeans market; where style and originality is the key. Perception is defined as the entire process by which an individual becomes aware of his environment and interprets it so that it will fit into his own frame or reference (Walters in Consumer Behaviour G R Foxall 1977). People become aware of their environment through the five senses, therefore sensation is the process by which perception begins. Also important is the process of interpretation, which depends on the socio-psychological meanings the individual attaches to the object perceived. Everybody perceives things differently and this is important when thinking about grouping people into a particular market segment or marketing a brand in a particular way, as potential consumers may not interpret such things with the same meaning as intended. 0% of stimuli are received through sight, therefore when marketing a new range of designer jeans visual stimuli are a key method of attracting potential consumers. Potential customers within such a competitive market have a number of factors influencing their purchasing behaviour. Consumer buying is motivated by something more than awareness; it depends on the consumers needs and drives, tastes and aspirations, attitudes, personality and social environment. Products are not only purchased for their functional values but also, for the social and psychological meanings they convey. The purchase of a pair of jeans is linked, to what extent is dependent on the individual, to the formulation and shaping of a consumers self-image. Purchasing a pair of jeans will to some degree shape a persons self-image and the way others may perceive them. As marketers, a company must align the consumers self-perception and the image they intend to project to others, with the attributes and values they perceive to be attached to the company and its associated products. Grubb and Grothwohl (1967) suggest image research within marketing seeks to link the psychological construct of an individuals self-concept with the symbolic value of the goods purchased (p 23). A consumer will purchase goods that they believe will either enhance their self-image, or those which help the consumer to feel closer to their self image. Therefore we may think of goods, in this case designer jeans, as symbols that communicate something about the individual to his significant references (p 24). The selective nature of perception and attention act as a way of coping with the constant bombardment of stimuli, the precise manner in which the person allows some messages to penetrate while rejecting others depends on values, motives and attitudes as well as social situation. With a prior knowledge of this aspect of consumer purchasing behaviour, it is clear that when selecting and targeting potential consumers marketing strategies must incorporate a wide range of factors to appeal to a market segment which may encompass people with wide ranging beliefs, attitudes and values. For example marketing for young, trendy professionals looking for up to the minute style may represent a particular market segment but within this segment individuals may have varying beliefs or values. Therefore, by simply targeting a segment of the market we cannot assume homogenous perceptions of a new product. Differing attitudes to a particular strategy may be widely evident, therefore understanding consumers purchasing behaviour in relation to differing perceptions will give a wider insight into possible effective strategies.

American Popular Culture Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

American Popular Culture - Assignment Example This is an area that requires a study by someone whose interest is on the modern culture (popular culture and the cultural studies) either in America or the world. This has significant effects to the world at large. Ashby has reviewed on this very dynamic popular culture as well as the cultural struggle. He provides a readable narrative that finds the appropriate balance between the sufficient history and the complexity of this culture (Ashby, 132). Popular culture has continually commoditized the radical ideas that exist all over the world and has changed tastes and expectations of people significantly. Popular culture usually condones fantasy, gossip and sex as well as fraud by big fishes at higher places thus impacting the whole world by instilling these vices in the Americans and the world society at large. It is evident that gossip and sex scandals have increased in the recent past among the big names such as Presidents, musicians etc. President who have been involved in this in clude; Bill Clinton, South African President Yacob Zuma etc. It is democratic and continually reverberates with the always contested history of the modern days. The popular culture is a critical component with the kind of the market economy emerging and the wide values of the middle class. This also provides an opening for the fantasy, dreams and dissent as well as its commoditization. Ashby related the popular culture with the political conflicts which actually defined the American life as well as their identity. This actually started at war eras and this later lead to the emergence of mass media which brought about great change to the whole world. These mass media included; radio, television and also film. In the Cold War era there were some contradictory forces which defined America as free and with no class in the society later to intensify xenophobia and censorship which is seen as inclusionary versus exclusionary. Growth in music industry such as development and popularity of country music in the post war times brought the dark side of life as these songs mainly were on the loneliness, suffering and failed love as well as cheating. These vices have been condoned at the modern culture and they are on the increase and its fascinating history of values and cultural politics that reflects on family values as well as the terrorism that reminds about the cold war attacks. Extremists and evangelists argue that the best measures of ideological conflict are the conservative reactions which should be employed on the developments of the popular culture. It is believed that the American popular culture is giving a moral ruin throughout the mass media resources which has resulted to changed morals of the media sources of the other part of the world (Ashby, 240). However the popular culture is contain inspirational and instructive messages and therefore promotes diversity as well as the victories by the people who practice on this inspirational information. There are more dreams that exist and researchers as well as the artists across the globe will have more significant change to the popular culture. Popular culture is a dream machine which acts as a flagship of democracy in culture. This is a gateway that gives a chance for trash to be elevated to the highest places of wealth and fame thereby having great impact to the generation and generation being raised and no hope of getting back to where we came from. This is the effect of the democratic culture that has developed. Currently in

Nike Globalization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Nike Globalization - Essay Example Being the famous global sports brand, Nike is very much impacted by the changes that have been taking place in the global economic environment. This essay includes the discussion regarding the impact of globalization on Nike and its strategies. Task 1 Globalization is the key force that has changed the business scenario throughout the world significantly. Globalization which may be considered as the integrated internationalization of organizations as well as markets has impacted the corporations both positively and adversely. Today products are not manufactured for domestic customers only rather they are produced for the customers who are spread throughout the world. The world wide accessibility of internet, significant improvements in supply-chain logistics have led to a situation where companies can locate themselves anywhere in the world (Wheelen & Hunger, 2010). On the flip side, organizations have experienced the adverse effect of globalization as well. For instance, the mortgag e crisis that took place in US became a global financial crisis due to the integration of the financial systems of various countries and this integration is actually the result of globalization (Wheelen & Hunger, 2010).... However, original products of Nike are not available everywhere, instead of that products that are actually produced by the company’s franchisees are sold by using the Nike’s logo and its brand equity (Businessteacher, n.d.). Nike has been adopting strategies that are in accordance with the changes in the global business scenario. The company’s initial strategy was to gain competitive advantage in US by selling premium quality athletic shoes that are available at low cost. The company developed its production facilities in Japan so that manufacturing cost remains low (Saloner, Shepard & Podolny, 2008). With its products that are manufactured at reasonably low cost while not disturbing the desired level of quality, the company has been successfully dominated its main target market i.e. US. Once, enough brand equity and competitive advantage are gained in US, the company started to shift its focus on the other markets like Europe and Asia. Furthermore, when the pro duction cost in Japan started increasing Nike began production in countries like Korea, Thailand and Indonesia. In this way the company has successfully created an exclusive brand image in Asia as well (Saloner, Shepard & Podolny, 2008). Throughout its journey, Nike has properly identified and understood various aspects of globalisation and adopted strategies accordingly. Task 2 Globalization has both benefitted as well as affected the Nike’s brand image. Globalization has enabled the company to shift its production facilities from one country to another in search of ‘low cost resources’ and ‘economies of scale’. In other words, globalization has helped Nike to gain and sustain its competitive advantage in US by

Differential Association Theory Essay Example for Free

Differential Association Theory Essay 1. Differential Association theory would explain the burglar’s behavior by first looking at their social structure. Their social structure can affect everything; it can influence their close relationships, open them up to objective opportunities and could be seen as the main attribute that affects their learning process in behavior. A. Most of the people in these interviews are poor, young males with similar social structures. Growing up on the streets and in bad neighborhoods can influence the interactions that each of these people will have. These interactions can result in definitions favorable to crime because these people are beginning to surround themselves and interact with people who are already doing illegal actions. (Hagan, p.89). In the article it gave an example of how a group of friends may be doing coke and once it runs out someone in the group, that has developed their own belief in what’s right and what’s wrong, suggests doing burglary in order to get some money for more coke. A new person within the group may feel pressure in continuing in order to maintain their status and relationship with the members in the group. Here they are learning new attitudes and accepting new values that are favorable to crime (Hagan, p. 89). The behavior being learned is that burglary can help with any immediate needs and together they rebel against the law. The new member may now start to change what they believe is right and wrong and could begin acting in more frequent illegal actions. These burglars have the belief that burglary is okay because it is a matter of â€Å"day to day survival†. This shows that they have their own interpretation on what they think is right and wrong which is a learned definition favorable to crime. In the interview Wild Will proved this theory by describing that when he is in need of money he thinks to himself, â€Å"How do I know how to get money quick and easy?† He at one point had to have learned that an immediate fix to a bump in the road, which is justified in his mind, is to perform a burglary. Larry Harris would agree when he says that it is just something you have to do to get by. Neither of these men views burglary as something wrong but as something you do in order to survive. B. When it comes to the techniques that people learn in committing crime several burglars said that it is something that you just get better at over time. Wild Will stated that when he goes to rob a house he likes to stake out the house and call it in order to see if someone is home. This may have been a technique he had picked up from  someone else that he went and did a burglary with. Several participants in the interview confessed that if they had a friend that had a burglary set up that they would be willing to do it with them if given the offer. This is an incident where you could say that a person may have the opportunity to learned new strategies and techniques that have worked for someone else in the past. Another technique that gets learned on the streets is the ability to maintain and develop status. One of the participants shared that it is mandatory to be perceived as â€Å"hip†. People on the streets learn through interactions with each other what it takes to be hip and be seen as someone with high status. 95% of the participants confessed that they spend the money that they steal on things that give them the image of â€Å"high-living†. During the interview several things were revealed as things to do in order to gain that high status. These burglars can learn these techniques such as doing drugs, having sexual partners, the right styles and brands, and a car and car accessories, as things to pursue in order to gain that respected status in the street culture. C. It is already made clear that these burglars live in poor neighborhoods and are living on the streets which give them more objective opportunity than someone that is in a nicer well off neighborhood. Due to their neighborhood, it exposes these burglars to people that are promoters to committing crime (Hagan, p.90). Most of these men have also admitted that they are â€Å"too lazy† to maintain a real job so sources of income are limited within the household. Because of this most of these participants say that they are acting on illegal action, like burglaries, in order to gain money for food and clothing for their family. As for subjective opportunities not everyone would look at something as an opportunity to commit a crime but Larry William says it best in his interview when he is describing what he does when he is in need for money, â€Å"There it is! There’s the house†. He automatically looks for a target and sees it as an opportunity to immediately fix his problem whereas another person wouldn’t think of that as an option. Another subjective opportunity that these burglars have is the fact that their social bonds are also partaking in these acts and so they have multiple opportunities in performing a burglary when they are present with more opportunities given by their friends.

What is outsourcing Essay -- Globalization essays, research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What is Outsourcing? It is a method in which companies subcontract labor and support to outside agencies (Klepper, 1997). How, why, and who companies outsource to are quickly becoming social topics of discussion in our society. Everyone seems to have an opinion on outsourcing. I bet that I can walk into a social gathering right now and hear discussions like â€Å"outsourcing is good for the American consumer† or outsourcing takes jobs away from all of the hard working Americans.† In either case, outsourcing has raised great concerns over its effects on the American economy. In this paper, I will discuss the types of outsourcing, pros and cons associated with outsourcing, management views of outsourcing, employee views of outsourcing, and give my opinion of outsourcing. What does outsourcing do? It enables companies to focus on the mission at hand, to save money and be competitive. Depending on a Company’s needs determines the type of outsourcing that company may use (Embleton, 1998). Outsourcing is a very diverse market, and there are many different outsourcing options from. Two common types of outsourcing I will focus on are Information Technology (IT) outsourcing and Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) (Bowen, 1998). Through research, I found that Information Technology (IT) Outsourcing is a rapidly growing market. I.T. outsourcing enables companies to continue to manage their core business, while outside agencies manage their technology needs (Bowen, 1998). It’s a way of getting rid of those high paid, college graduated employees. I.T. outsourcing allows companies to use cost-cutting methods to cover computing needs, large mainframe and midrange data center, manage numerous networks and run desktops across the globe (Bowen, 1998). Advantages of outsourcing information technology include, but are not limited to, less capital expenditure, less management headache, and keeping focus on core competencies. Less capital expenditure means a company does not have to buy expensive hardware and software. Less management headache relieves companies of having to hire and manage accounting personnel. Keeping focus on core competencies affords companies’ time to strengthen and gain a competitive edge over the competition (DiRomualdo, 1998). Disadvantages of outsourcing information include less managerial control, may be more expensive, and Sec... ...Workers in developing nations will get new and higher-paying jobs, and consumers in the U.S. will be able to buy products that are cheaper than if they were made at home. But is this really good for our society. We will soon find out. References Bowen. T and LaMonica, M. (1998). IT gets picky with outsourcing. Infoworld 20(33), 1-3 De Rose, L. (2004). The Downside to Outsourcing. Electronic Buyers’ News. July 14, Issue 1066. DiRomualdo, A & Gurbaxani. (1998). Strategic intent for IT outsourcing. Sloan Management Review. 39(4), 115. Earl, M.J. (1996). The risks of outsourcing IT. Sloan Management Review. 37(3), 26-33. Embleton, P.R & Wright, P.C. (1998). A practical guide to successful outsourcing. Empowerment in Organizations. 6(3), 1-11 Hayes, R and Pisano, G. (1994). Beyond World-Class: The New Manufacturing Strategy. Harvard Business Review. 72(1). Klepper, R & Jones, W. (1997). Outsourcing information Technology, Systems and Services. Prentice Hall. Nicholas, J. (1998). Competitive Manufacturing Management (Singapore:McGraw-Hill). Chapter 19, Managing the Supply Chain, pg 672 Strassmann, P.A. (1995). Outsourcing: A Game for Losers. Computerworld. August 21.

A New American Society Essay

After the Americans gained independence from Britain in 1783 in the revolution. The colonies began to change their economic, social and political system, and began to write their new constitution that lead to the override of the Articles of Confederation in 1781. The major change the Americans accomplished was the separation from the monarchy. Thomas Paine said â€Å"the nearer any government approaches to a republic the less business there is for a king.† (Common Sense 1776) During the process of a new central government, states became independent with their own central government. However, this would give the central government less power over the 13 states. Another huge change in the colonies was the separation from the church. A preacher stated that under British rule that there was a â€Å"Moral obligation, imposed on the world, to answer the purposes of ambitious usurps.† (Lorenzo Dow pg.197) This would later lead to outpouring religious enthusiasm in the colonies and the Great Awakening. An economic issue was that only the states could impose taxes in the states and congress could only request funds to pay off debt. Another factor was that the government did not have a stable money currency in the colonies, which made it difficult to barter or trade with other states. The Northern part of the colonies focused more in manufacturing and the South depended on agricultural needs. Jefferson believed in more of an agricultural economy â€Å"our exterior commerce has suffered very much from the beginning†¦ we have manufactured†¦those who labor in the earth are the chosen people of God† (Notes on the state of the Virginia pg. 170). On the other hand, Hamilton believed in trading manufactured goods with Britain and believed in a society of manufacturing. The weak Articles of confederation lead to a new constitution in the colonies. The articles of confederation were ratified in the constitutional convention of 1781 in Philadelphia. Reasons it was considered â€Å"weak† was the lack of checks and balances, government could not impose taxes, and central government was weak and the lack of personal rights of the colonists. â€Å"Make the following declarations, of our humble opinions, respecting the most essential rights and liberties of the colonists†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Declaration of rights pg. 124). James Madison was one of the founding fathers of the new constitution, because of his federalist papers.